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The actions mediated by SNS are most apparent when the body is faced with stressful situations.
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Hence, the activation of chromaffin cells via preganglionic cells leads to the release of two neurotransmitters: adrenaline and to lesser extent noradrenaline, directly into the bloodstream. They act as a modified sympathetic ganglion without the postganglionic neurones. The exception to this rule is the innervation of the sweat glands and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which are cholinergic as they use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.Īnother exception is the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. The preganglionic neurones use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter while the postganglionic neurones use noradrenaline. It incorporates short preganglionic neurones and long postganglionic neurones. The SNS is responsible for the fight or flight response of the body and originates from the thoracolumbar segments of the spinal cord. A ganglion then gives rise to a postganglionic neurone which innervates the target organ. Hence, the preganglionic neurone must first travel to and synapse upon a ganglion, a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS. The autonomic nervous system has a unique structure as it employs a sequential two-neurone efferent pathway. The SNS and PSNS are sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems The enteric nervous system is classified as a separate component of the autonomic nervous system and is sometimes even considered a third independent branch of the PNS. The afferent (sensory) arm of this system includes receptors that monitor the arterial pressure, levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood or the chemical composition of the content of the gastrointestinal tract. The efferent arm of this system can be further subdivided into the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) components, which control numerous smooth muscles and glands. These visceral functions include the regulation of heart rate, digestion, salivation, urination, digestion, and many more. The autonomic (visceral) nervous system control the visceral functions of the body and acts largely unconsciously. Its afferent arm links sensory receptors on the body surface or deeper within it with relevant processing circuits, whereas the efferent arm directly controls skeletal muscles using motor nerves. The somatic nervous system of the PNS is responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscles (effector organ). Effector organs can either be muscles or glands.